| Non-Rationalised Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 6th Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Non-Rationalised)
1. Food: Where Does It Come From?
This chapter explores the origins and variety of the food we consume. It establishes that our food comes from two primary sources: plants and animals. You will learn about the different edible parts of plants, such as roots (carrot, radish), stems (potato, ginger), leaves (spinach, cabbage), flowers (cauliflower), fruits (apple, tomato), and seeds (wheat, rice, pulses). The chapter also discusses food products obtained from animals, including milk, eggs, meat, and honey. It introduces the concept of food habits among animals, classifying them based on what they eat as Herbivores (plant-eaters, e.g., cow), Carnivores (flesh-eaters, e.g., lion), and Omnivores (eaters of both plants and animals, e.g., human, bear).
2. Components Of Food
Our food contains essential substances called nutrients, which our body needs for energy, growth, and staying healthy. This chapter provides a detailed look at these major nutrients: Carbohydrates and Fats (the main energy-giving foods), Proteins (body-building foods needed for growth and repair), and Vitamins and Minerals (protective foods required in small amounts to fight diseases). It also explains the importance of dietary fibre (roughage) and water for proper digestion and bodily functions. The chapter introduces simple tests to detect the presence of starch, protein, and fat in food items. The concept of a balanced diet—a diet that provides all essential nutrients in the right quantities—is highlighted as crucial for maintaining good health.
3. Fibre To Fabric
This chapter traces the fascinating journey of how raw fibres are transformed into the fabrics we use daily. It classifies fibres into two main types: natural fibres, which are obtained from plants (like cotton and jute) or animals (like wool and silk), and synthetic fibres, which are man-made (like nylon and polyester). The chapter explains the key processes involved in making fabric: first, spinning, the process of making yarn (thread) from fibres, and then, weaving (interlacing two sets of yarn) or knitting (using a single yarn) to create a piece of fabric. Understanding this journey from fibre to fabric helps us appreciate the materials our clothes are made of.
4. Sorting Materials Into Groups
The world is filled with countless objects made from a wide variety of materials. This chapter introduces the concept of grouping or sorting these materials based on their common properties. Materials can be classified based on their appearance (lustrous or dull), hardness, solubility in water (soluble or insoluble), density (whether they float or sink), and how they interact with light. This leads to their classification as transparent (allows light to pass through completely), translucent (allows some light to pass), or opaque (blocks all light). Sorting materials helps us understand their characteristics and choose the right material for a specific purpose.
5. Separation Of Substances
In everyday life, we often need to separate useful substances from a mixture or remove unwanted components. This chapter introduces several simple and practical methods of separation. Techniques discussed include handpicking (separating by hand based on size or colour), threshing, winnowing (using wind to separate lighter husk from heavier grain), and sieving. For mixtures involving liquids, it explains sedimentation and decantation (for separating insoluble solids), filtration (for finer impurities), and evaporation (to recover a dissolved solid from a liquid). The choice of method depends on the different properties of the components in the mixture.
6. Changes Around Us
Our world is in a constant state of change. This chapter helps in observing and classifying the changes happening around us. It makes a fundamental distinction between reversible changes, which can be undone to get back the original substance (like melting of ice or folding paper), and irreversible changes, which cannot be reversed (like burning of wood or cooking food). The chapter also explores how changes can be caused by heating or cooling, leading to effects like expansion (increase in size) and contraction (decrease in size) of materials, or a change in their state (e.g., solid to liquid).
7. Getting To Know Plants
Plants are a vital and diverse part of our environment. This chapter introduces the classification of plants into herbs (small plants with soft stems), shrubs (medium-sized, bushy plants), and trees (tall plants with hard, woody stems). It provides a detailed look at the different parts of a plant and their functions: the root (for anchorage and absorption of water), the stem (for support and transport), the leaf (for photosynthesis, featuring patterns called venation), and the flower (the reproductive part). Understanding these parts is the first step in appreciating the complexity and importance of plant life.
8. Body Movements
This chapter explores the fascinating mechanisms of movement in humans and other animals. It explains that in humans, movement is made possible by the coordinated action of the skeletal system (which provides a framework) and the muscular system. The chapter describes different types of joints where bones meet, such as the ball-and-socket joint (shoulder) and the hinge joint (elbow), which allow for different ranges of motion. It also offers a glimpse into the diverse modes of locomotion in other animals, like the muscular contractions of an earthworm, the gliding motion of a snail, and the specialized flight of birds.
9. The Living Organisms — Characteristics And Habitats
This chapter addresses two fundamental questions in biology: what makes something "living," and how do organisms survive where they do? It lists the key characteristics of living things: they need food, they grow, they respire, they respond to stimuli, they excrete waste, and they reproduce. The chapter then introduces the concept of a habitat, which is the natural home or environment of an organism. It explores how various organisms show specific features, or adaptations, that help them survive in diverse habitats like deserts (e.g., camel), mountains (e.g., mountain goat), and aquatic environments (e.g., fish).
10. Motion And Measurement Of Distances
This chapter introduces the physical concepts of motion and measurement. It describes different types of motion, including rectilinear motion (movement in a straight line, like a car on a road), circular motion (movement in a circle, like the blades of a fan), and periodic motion (motion that repeats itself, like a swinging pendulum). The chapter emphasizes the need for standard units of measurement for accuracy and uniformity, introducing the metric system and the SI unit of length, the metre. It also teaches practical skills like how to measure length accurately using a scale.
11. Light, Shadows And Reflections
This chapter explores the fascinating world of light. It establishes a key property of light: its rectilinear propagation, meaning it travels in straight lines. This property explains how shadows are formed when an opaque object blocks the path of light. The chapter discusses the characteristics of a shadow and introduces the concept of a pinhole camera, which works on this principle. The phenomenon of reflection—the bouncing of light off a surface—is also introduced, explaining how we see non-luminous objects and how mirrors form clear images.
12. Electricity And Circuits
This chapter provides a basic introduction to electricity. It explains an electric current as the flow of electric charges and describes the components needed to make a simple electric circuit. These components include an electric cell (the source of energy), an electric bulb (the load), a switch (to open or close the circuit), and connecting wires. The chapter makes a clear distinction between a closed circuit, which is a complete path allowing current to flow and the bulb to glow, and an open circuit, which has a break in the path, stopping the current. It also introduces the concepts of conductors and insulators.
13. Fun With Magnets
This chapter takes a playful approach to exploring the properties of magnets. It differentiates between magnetic materials (like iron, which are attracted to magnets) and non-magnetic materials. It describes the two poles of a magnet (North and South) and introduces the fundamental law of magnetism: like poles repel, and opposite poles attract. The chapter highlights the directive property of a freely suspended magnet, which always aligns itself in the North-South direction, explaining its use in a magnetic compass for finding directions.
14. Water
Water is a precious resource essential for all forms of life. This chapter discusses the importance of water, its various uses, and its sources. A central concept explained is the water cycle, which is the continuous circulation of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back again. This cycle involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. The chapter also addresses important environmental issues like floods, droughts, and the crucial need for water conservation and rainwater harvesting to manage this vital resource responsibly.
15. Air Around Us
This chapter explains that the invisible air around us is a mixture of gases and is essential for life. It describes the composition of air, which is primarily Nitrogen (about 78%) and Oxygen (about 21%), along with small amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapour, and other gases. The chapter demonstrates through simple activities that air occupies space and is necessary for breathing (respiration) and burning (combustion). It highlights the importance of air's components, such as oxygen for animals and carbon dioxide for plants, and discusses how the movement of air creates wind.
16. Garbage In, Garbage Out
This chapter addresses the growing problem of waste and its management. It classifies garbage into two types: biodegradable waste (which rots and mixes with soil, like food scraps) and non-biodegradable waste (which does not rot, like plastic). The chapter introduces constructive ways to deal with waste, such as composting, a method to convert biodegradable waste into useful manure, and its enhancement through vermicomposting (using earthworms). It strongly emphasizes the "Three R's" principle for waste management: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, encouraging responsible habits for a cleaner environment.